Kevles, Stanley Woodward Professor of History, History of Medicine, and American Studies at Yale University, who reviewed the first century of the Academy’s history in the context of its dual mission to advance science and serve the government. Over the next 2 days, eight groups of speakers examined topics where the Academy’s advice has been especially consequential. On the first day, which was focused on science, politics, and policy, the speakers discussed national security and international relations, the International Geophysical Year and the space sciences, climate change, and biology in public policy. On the second day, which examined the nation’s infrastructure in health, information, and education, the topics addressed were radiation hazards, biodemography and vital statistics, computing and information, and K-12 science education. Then, too, alternative avenues were proliferating for the satisfaction of laudable scientific ambitions.

The nation’s scientific enterprise was rapidly expanding in tandem with the growth of the country. To meet the need for knowledge, federal science grew enormously, proliferating with agencies such as the Geological Survey, the Weather Service, the Forestry Service, the National Bureau of Standards, and the Department of Agriculture’s multiple research bureaus and the experiment stations it supported around the country. Comparable and then even greater growth was prompted in the private and academic sector by what historians call the Second Industrial Revolution. This was the transformation that drew on the exploitation of the laboratory sciences to create new technologies and new industries-notably in electric light and power, communications, cinema, petroleum, and a myriad of other products of organic chemistry. A number of companies-notably G.E., AT&T, Westinghouse, and DuPont-established industrial research laboratories, enlarging the demand for technical expertise.

Herbert the pervert voice changer